ADEQ Water Treatment 2 Practice Test

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• When natural gas and air are used to make CO2 for recarbonation, good ventilation is required because dangerous concentrations of which gas are produced?
• Methane dissolved in water will cause which taste?
• Bentonite clay improves coagulation by which mechanism?
• In the presence-absence test, the presence of total coliforms is indicated by the medium turning yellow and the formation of what?
• As the TOC increases, the TOC percentage removal required from a source water supply _______.
• Under the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, which compound has an MCL of 1.0 mg/L?
• Titration is best described as a method used to determine the composition of a sample by incrementally adding a standard solution until what occurs?
• In microfiltration operation, stable flux is maintained while recovery is kept at or above what percentage?
• What do the routine monitoring requirements of the Stage 1 DBPR include?
• The Filter Backwash Recycling Rule is intended to minimize health risks associated with recycling backwash water, particularly with respect to which pathogen?
• The ideal alkalinity for manganese greensand filters for the removal of iron and manganese is _______ as CaCO3.
• Which method is the least reliable for detecting hydrogen sulfide?
• Which coliform test methods have three distinct steps: presumptive, confirmed, and completed?
• Which membrane process combination removes hardness?
• If a radionuclide is above the MCL in finished water, how often must sampling be done and for how long?
• Which process is currently used for softening brackish water?
• Breathing hydrogen sulfide gas at low concentrations can be fatal. Which combination is listed as fatal?
• In the context of softening, floc is often composed mainly of which precipitate?
• Point-of-use activated carbon filters are most effective for removing which contaminant?
• The flow through a sedimentation basin should not exceed...
• In the lauryl tryptose broth test, which combination describes the bacteria associated with a positive result?
• Which factor will cause problems for chlorination?
• Under the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproduct Rule, the maximum contaminant level for haloacetic acids is 60 micrograms/L.
• What is the one objective of a safety program?
• One key element of LT2 is to use monitoring results to classify surface water sources into USEPA-defined risk levels called bins. How many bins are defined?
• Which skin condition has lower resistance to electrical current flow?
• Equivalent weight is defined as the weight that will react with, displace, or is equivalent to one gram of hydrogen.
• In coagulation, once zeta potential forces are reduced below the ______________, the particles in suspension will start to coalesce?
• What is a disadvantage of using caustic soda to soften hard water compared to other chemicals?
• Iron bacteria, such as which organism, cause red water, tastes and odors, clogged pipes, and pump failure?
• In a filtration system, adding an anthracite coal layer over greensand primarily improves which performance aspect?
• The low-cost radioactive scan threshold for further analysis is normally the ______ for ______ or ______ but can be varied by the state agency.
• How do the Surface Water Treatment Rules define surface water?
• Which of the following is not a part of a bearing?
• Synthetic organic compounds are more likely to contain which halogen than natural organic compounds?
• Caustic soda is commonly known as sodium hydroxide with formula NaOH. Which of the following options correctly pairs the name with its formula?
• Which alum sludge dewatering method can attain at least 20% solids by weight?
• Which statement about pH and magnesium hydroxide precipitation is true?
• When iron alone is treated using manganese greensand filters, the chlorine feed rate should be about ______.
• Although _______ can be added to lime-soda ash rapid-mix basins, better results are usually obtained if they are added _______ in a separate rapid-mix basin.
• In open filters, which pairing of media is associated with superior organics removal?
• After screening and presedimentation, there should be a significant reduction in which parameter?
• If a particular section of the distribution system suddenly has a drop in chlorine residual, what most likely has occurred?
• Methyl orange used as an indicator in titrations is ______ on the alkaline side and _______ on the acid side.
• If dissolved oxygen increases, the corrosion rate changes as well as the effect of increasing pH and alkalinity on corrosion rate.
• Because bromine is not as stable as chlorine, if it were used to treat public water supplies, how much more would be needed?
• The analysis of a water sample yielded a result of 4.0 mg/L CO2. What is the most likely source of this water sample?
• Emergency response at a water treatment facility generally means responding to a _______. This response is governed under the ______ and under _______.
• When did the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule take effect for large systems?
• In water treatment, which compound is described as looking like broken glass crystals?
• A common problem with hyperchloronators is ________
• What pH level is required to precipitate magnesium hydroxide?
• What information can particle counters provide about particles?
• Water becomes capable of _______ iron and manganese when the oxygen levels ________.
• If there is no pretreatment, what membrane processes will remove dissolved organic matter?
• Under the Surface Water Treatment Rule, the turbidity entering the distribution system must not exceed _____.
• Which material would be best to use as caps on iron bolts so the caps become the sacrificial anodes and the iron bolts the protected cathodes?
• Which radon removal method is most effective considering cost and footprint?
• Ozone may convert large organic molecules into smaller ones. These BDOC compounds serve as food for which organisms?
• When disinfecting with chloramines, when can the ammonia be added to the process?
• Which problem is commonly associated with hardness?
• A special problem with granular activated carbon filters is the rapid growth of which microorganisms?
• Before making corrosion control changes, with which state authority should utilities coordinate first?
• Which regulation governs microbial monitoring in drinking water distribution systems?
• Cleaning protocols for microfiltration membranes vary according to the membrane tolerance to changes in which parameter and resistance to which chemical?
• What information can particle counters provide?
• Manganese is naturally found in soils primarily as _______ and in the two forms of _______.
• What is the chemical formula for hydrated ferric sulfate?
• Among the VOCs found in groundwater, which are encountered most frequently and in the highest concentrations?
• What is the best way to deal with accidents or safety incidents?
• The Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule specifies that UV disinfection must provide at least what level of log removal for Cryptosporidium?
• Drinking water containing copper well above the action level will most likely cause _______.
• If THMs are still a problem after softening, and changing the disinfectant is not an option, what other treatment process can be used and what is its disadvantage?
• What indicates that water produced by a well is being drawn from more than one aquifer?
• Adjustments to the carbon dioxide dosage in recarbonation should be based on both the Langelier saturation index and results of coupon testing.
• Separate refrigerators should be used for the storage of which items because fumes of some chemicals may be harmful to the organisms?
• What is the purpose of turning off surface washers before the end of the backwash?
• The most common higher-rate filter media consists of the following (bottom to top)
• Which color range is used for color assessment by visual comparison with a color disk?
• It is recommended that the free chlorine residual at a customer's tap should be at least ________.
• What is the result of overexposure to hypochlorite compounds?
• Which statement describes a common natural form of manganese (Mn) in soils and is not MnO?
• In the two-stage recarbonation process, the raw water pH is elevated to ____ or greater with lime; after that stage, carbon dioxide is added to lower the pH to ____
• What type of aerators have riffle plates?
• The solubility of calcium carbonate decreases as temperature increases.
• Which are usually the only cations present in water in significant concentration?
• The best packing material for medium pressures and temperatures is which?
• ______ or small streams at the upper end of a reservoir can help reduce _____
• Under favorable conditions, combined chlorine, such as monochloramine and dichloramine, compared to the bactericidal action of free chlorine would require ____ times more combined chlorine residual.
• In the Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, new sampling sites are based on what evaluation?
• Driven wells are practical only when the water-bearing formations are relatively close to the surface and no contaminants exist in the soil. Which statement best describes this condition?
• Iron complexes with organic matter are anionic and are not removed by which type of exchange?
• Which statement about high iron and manganese in water is true?
• In reporting the water quality, turbidity is expressed in which unit?
• What unit is used to report arsenic concentration in drinking water standards?
• In determining a safe following distance, you should primarily consider
• Phenolphthalein is colorless at low pH and pink or red at higher pH. How does it appear at pH below 8.3 and above 8.3?
• Which factors contribute to the difficulty of inactivating all microorganisms with a single treatment method?
• When alum is added to water, it causes the pH to _______, and when ferric salts are added to water, it causes the pH to ________.
• The sediment from presedimentation systems can be kept if samples are collected _________.
• What are the potential hazards when handling activated carbon?
• Actinomycetes are a group of organisms usually associated with tastes and odors. This group has the characteristics of _______.
• Which statement best describes circuit breakers in relation to switches?
• Which errors often cause inaccurate iron and manganese test results?
• In a two-stage recarbonation process, CO2 is added after lime to lower the pH to approximately which range?
• ______ and ______ should not be stored in the same refrigerator.
• Which device best measures total suspended solids?
• What are hearing protection devices given to evaluate their effectiveness?
• For conductivity measurements, which sampling option is correct?
• Alternate statement about the cations usually present in water in significant concentration: Which ions are usually the primary hardness contributors in water?
• Alternate description of glassy phosphates: Glassy phosphates are best described as which of the following?
• What should an operator do if hardness leakage is excessive immediately following a regeneration stage?
• The best way to remove H2S is by scrubbing at about _______ by bubbling CO2 through the water before aeration to reduce the pH
• Cartridge pre-filters installed ahead of a reverse osmosis unit serve what purpose?
• Which statement about the lime-soda ash process characteristics is correct?
• What is the purpose of using granular activated carbon after ozone treatment, as described?
• Which type of process control can be used if accuracy is not critical?
• In the simplest terms, what is hardness?
• The platinum-cobalt method measures which property in water?
• In greensand filtration, CR is usually used when which contaminant is mostly removed?
• What loads are applied to a pump's shaft?
• The LT2 rule requires a minimum chlorine residual at the entry to the distribution system. Which value is specified?
• To eliminate hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the pH of the water should be lowered to _______ or less before beginning aeration.
• In variable declining-rate filtration, what is placed in the effluent line of each filter to prevent excessive flow rates?
• Chlorine dioxide has gained popularity because it:
• What filter types would be best for direct filtration?
• What corrosion prevention chemical may actually cause tuberculation in iron pipe in the pH range of 7.5-9.0?
• Why are drinking water regulations sometimes called interim regulations?
• Garnet sand is used at the bottom medium in multimedia filters. What characteristics does garnet sand have compared to the other sand in the filter?
• Minimum hardness achievable by lime-soda ash process
• Chlorite is regulated under the _______ and has maximum contaminant level of ______.
• When do bar or wire-mesh screens usually encounter the largest amount of debris?
• In regenerating ion-exchange systems and lowering the pH of water treated by membrane processes, which chemical family is used?
• To determine a safe stopping distance behind the vehicle in front, you should consider
• During lime softening, the hardness-causing ions are transformed into which form as pH rises?
• Absolute ratings for membranes are based on which pore-size measure?
• Which organization issued the Risk Management Rule in 1996 in an effort to protect public health and safety (nonemployees)?
• What type of pump has the ability to rotate its discharge 360 degrees?
• Electrical conductivity meter readouts are in what units at what temperature?
• Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to determine which category of compounds in a sample?
• What instrument is used to measure the depth to gravel in a filter bed?
• What is the primary advantage of placing a properly sized anthracite coal layer over manganese greensand?
• The ____ process is used in the water industry primarily for the removal of ______.
• Which factor is most commonly cited as the benefit of pressure filtration for small water systems?
• There are two types of acidity: phenolphthalein acidity, which is prevalent ___________, and mineral acid acidity, which tends to be in the ________.
• What is the required minimum alkalinity (as CaCO3) for manganese greensand filters?
• In HPC testing, which plating incubation duration applies for plate-count agar?
• Which statement about pump lubrication is false?
• What happens when the brine solution is fed into the resin?
• In the Ground Water Rule for systems that disinfect, large systems are required to monitor ______ and small systems are required to monitor ______.
• What is produced after colloids have just become charge neutralized?
• What is skeletal fluorosis?
• Chelation controls _______, and sequestration controls _______.
• What genus type or organism has killed the most people because of its high mortality rate when contracted?
• If dissolved oxygen increases and the pH and alkalinity do not increase, the corrosion rate will generally:
• What type of pretreatment settling units can use coagulants because it has been showing to be very effective?
• The best packing for medium pressures and temperatures is ______
• Electric energy is usually expressed in _______, and power is expressed in ______
• For source water at or below 10 NTU, the sedimentation effluent should meet which turbidity criterion for 95% of the time?
• Stage 2 DBPR compliance is evaluated at each monitoring location using which metric?
• A metal rod should be used to probe the filter on a grid system to locate and record the depth to gravel. At a minimum, how often should this be done?
• A gravity thickener would include which of the following components?
• What are the three forms of carbonate hardness?
• What acid is more corrosive when it is diluted?
• In water chemistry, what aspect of pH is of interest to chemists?
• Which concept defines that the proportion by weight of elements in a compound is constant regardless of the method used to form the compound?
• When is the best time to start using a destratification equipment to overturn a lake?
• A Leopold filter bottom is a patented filter underdrain system using a series of perforated _______ with channels to carry the water.
• In a presedimentation impoundment, which option would most directly limit algae growth by reducing light exposure?
• What piece of laboratory equipment can be made of polycarbonate and is clear, such that there is no confusion over reading the meniscus?
• Powdered activated carbon dosing: which feed system reduces handling problems?
• In the lime-soda ash softening process, smaller plants find that ______ is less expensive to purchase; regardless of size, ______ needs to be mixed long enough because it dissolves slowly.
• How can an operator accept responsibility for an active role in the safety program?
• What is the typical detention time for the recarbonation process?
• Which chemical is used to raise alkalinity but requires the most maintenance?
• What is the main, easiest way to identify a confined space?
• Point-of-use activated carbon filters are most effective for removing ______.
• Compared to conventional sedimentation, dissolved air flotation achieves what with cryptosporidium removal?
• In manganese greensand filtration, what is the typical layer above greensand?
• Which component of the softening system is primarily responsible for removing suspended solids before the main treatment?
• The Radionuclides Rule added for the first time an MCL, for uranium of ______
• To address algae growth in sedimentation basins, which combination is applied per liter when drains are used?
• Jar tests are used to determine the powdered activated carbon dose. The glassware used need to be cleaned with _____ and rinsed with _____ water.
• The primary purpose of covering an algae-prone impoundment is to
• Long-range planning for a water system's source of supply should be approximately which range?
• Some systems using aeration towers are required to install air scrubbers. These scrubbers use _____.
• How are manganese greensand beds regenerated in typical treatment systems?
• Which pump configuration allows the discharge to be oriented in any direction around the axis?
• Continuous regeneration (CR) is usually used in greensand filters when ________ is mostly being removed and intermittent regeneration (IR) when __________ is mainly being removed. The _________ regeneration is used while the filter is offline.
• In the multiple-tube fermentation method, as presumptive positives are inoculated into BGB, 0.1 mL of presumptive broth is also transferred into which broth?
• Ozone is more stable in water when the water has which condition?
• In a buttress dam, the impounded water's weight is used to resist which forces?
• Which source water is most likely to contain iron and manganese?
• Slow sand filters are cleaned by scraping the top ____ off the top of the sand filter.
• During HAA5 analysis, which chemical is used to quench further HAA5 formation?
• The fluoride injection point should be as far away as possible from any _____.
• Jar tests are used to determine the dose of which material in water treatment?
• Chelation is a chemical treatment process used in water treatment to control which condition?
• The process of removing organics from a water sample and concentrating them in a solvent suitable for injection into the ______ is called ______.
• Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) is used in water treatment to achieve removal of contaminants primarily through which mechanism?
• When using chlorine disinfectants, lower temperatures favor the formation of _______. Lower temperatures also show _______ to persist somewhat longer.
• What are the effects of high iron and or manganese in water?
• What is molecular weight?
• What will a coagulant aid not achieve from the following?
• Which action is NOT recommended when working around machinery with moving parts?
• What is the main source of chlorite in drinking water?
• Large bubble diffusers can be cleaned with which method?
• Which type of sample is specifically excluded from mailing to a laboratory for transport?
• Ammonia is an inorganic compound occurring ______
• Which organism obtains energy for growth from the chemical reaction that spontaneously occurs between iron and manganese and dissolved oxygen?
• If PAC does not remove tastes and odors, what is a likely explanation?
• During manganese greensand bed regeneration, which chemical is used to regenerate the media?
• In manganese greensand filters, the greensand is usually capped with at least _____
• Which pairing of units correctly describes electrical energy and power?
• Besides oxidizing iron and manganese, potassium permanganate has been found to be most effective in controlling...
• The most used conductor metal is?
• Bicarbonate alkalinity is caused by which species?
• The LT2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule added tests that were not in the original rule. Which tests were added?
• _____ pipettes are used for performance monitoring and should be ______
• Which byproduct is formed when ozone is used for disinfection and is commonly monitored for public health protection?
• Threshold odor tests on the raw water and finished water while PAC is being fed should be performed at least
• Which agencies are recommended to set the optimum fluoride level in drinking water?
• Which arrangement describes lamella plate flow?
• Which genus has killed the most people because of its high mortality rate when contracted?
• Noncarbonate hardness is defined as
• Which protozoan parasite is a key target in modern drinking water treatment due to resistance to disinfection methods?
• After water has been softened, it is close to pH 11; thus it needs to be stabilized by a process known as recarbonation. What small amount of hardness chemical is formed and what is precipitated in this process?
• In lime-soda ash softening, what are used to help gather the fine calcium and magnesium precipitates into particles that will readily settle?
• In the lime-soda ash process, what will cause increased solubility of taste and odor causing compounds?
• What has caused a significant increase in environmental aluminum exposure?
• Which two test methods for coliform bacteria include a three-step process?
• In dual media filtration, if the ratio of anthracite size to sand size is close to 2, which outcomes may occur?
• A water that does not form scale or corrosive is stable; this condition is called what?
• Rapid pressure changes in a distribution system can cause red water due to precipitation of which iron species?
• What is the main consideration in determining the length of the service stage of an ion exchange softener?
• Greensand filters are often capped to enhance filter performance and backwash efficiency. It is common to cap them with...
• Even after equipment is locked out and tagged, why might it still be unsafe to repair?
• The depth to which submerged plants will grow is primarily limited by ______
• Why is polyphosphate added to softening process water?
• What should be done to a new shaft sleeve before it is put on a shaft if it uses an o-ring?
• In viscosity testing, which unit is commonly used to express viscosity?
• Hypochlorous acid is favored over hypochlorite ion when the pH is _____ and the temperature is ________.
• Mechanical mixers should never be used in conjunction with which component?
• Which chemical family is used to regenerate ion-exchange systems and lower the pH of water treated by membrane processes?
• Under Stage 1 disinfection byproduct rules, haloacetic acids are measured in which unit?
• The reason that a sample has a holding time is usually because the sample's ____ .
• Besides using carbon dioxide, encrustation can also be prevented by adding ______
• The oxidation of manganese in surface water is not effective until the pH goes to or surpasses which value?
• Which source water type is commonly associated with iron and manganese presence?
• What is the minimum free chlorine residual at the customer tap that is considered acceptable for ongoing disinfection?
• Dissolved air flotation has achieved a ______ removal of cryptosporidium, which compares to a removal rate of less than 0.5 log using conventional sedimentation.
• How often should amperage and voltage tests be performed on three-phase motors?
• Under the ______, nonuse for a long period of time may result in loss of water right by forfeiture or abandonment.
• During greensand regeneration, continuous regeneration is typically used while the filter is offline.
• Under the Ground Water Rule, large systems disinfecting must monitor continuously while small systems must monitor daily.
• Lamella plate or tube settlers with angles of ______ would require backflushing or manual cleaning to remove built-up sludge?
• Emergency response at a water treatment facility is governed under which combination?
• A treatment plant's effluent water quality would be best shown from a sample collected _____.
• At a softening plant, the most severe carryover of sludge in a sedimentation basin occurs when which condition?
• Hardness is generally expressed as the total concentration of which ions?
• According to best practices, tip speed of the last flocculator should be about ______ and operate in the range of _______.
• Air binding can cause which of the following effects on flow?
• While converting carbonate back to bicarbonate, how does recarbonation affect the pH?
• Chlorine dioxide can revert to chlorite and chlorate under which conditions?
• How many grains are in 1 pound?
• Which regulation addresses backwash water recycling in filtration plants?
• The major provisions of the LT1ESWTR include the control of ____ and ______ turbidity performance standards.
• Which temperature-time combination is used to heat a shaft sleeve prior to installation?
• What is an operating factor that would affect floc formations?
• Why are cold-weather conditions an added hazard when working around water?
• What type of pretreatment must be cleaned manually when the amount of debris is relatively small?
• Which material sits on the top in the standard bottom-to-top arrangement of higher-rate filter media?
• Lime softening effect on disinfection
• What is the only reliable method of detecting hydrogen sulfide in the air?
• Chlorite monitoring is required only for systems using ______
• Greensand filters are often capped to enhance filter performance and backwash efficiency. It is common to cap them with...
• In the oxidation of iron and manganese, the pH must be adjusted to an optimal level. What must be determined to accomplish the optimal pH?
• What is the approximate open-circuit voltage per cell in a lead-acid battery?
• The C x T value is calculated using most or part of the treatment plant, some distribution piping, and to the _______.
• Chlorine dioxide can revert to chlorite and chlorate under which conditions?
• Which chemical used for oxidizing iron and manganese will react with hydrogen sulfide, cyanides, phenols, and other taste and odor compounds and will not form trihalomethanes?
• Actinomycetes are commonly linked to which water quality issue?
• Interferences to aerometric chlorine residual measurement come from nitrite.
• The regulatory framework that includes a limit for chlorite is part of which EPA rule?
• In the Lead and Copper Rule, if a water system exceeds the 90th percentile for the lead action level, the system must also _______.
• After a routine sample tests positive for total coliforms, which analyses are required?
• Beneath the slime layer of certain iron bacteria in a pipe, what is produced that reduces pH and speeds up the corrosion rate?
• In lime softening, the precipitated solids are which of the following?
• Which parameter is used to quantify disinfection effectiveness as the product of concentration and time?
• Which of the following is not a part of a bearing?
• Reverse osmosis membranes need cleaning if the pressure drop through the unit increases by what percent?
• A condenser will allow which type of current to flow through it, but block the other? One use is to suppress voltage surges.
• Which agency promulgated the Final Groundwater Rule?
• Turbidity is typically measured in what units?
• Where in the treatment plant is nitric acid most commonly used?
• Which chemical is commonly added to provide alkalinity and facilitate precipitation of iron in water treatment?
• Under the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines #2, what is the maximum airborne concentration of chlorine below which nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to 1 hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects that could impair an individual's ability to take protective action?
• The 1996 Risk Management Rule was issued to protect public health and safety for which group?
• Which regulation includes Giardia reduction credits for conventional treatment with disinfection?
• Permanganate reactions are largely dependent on ________.
• What is the mechanism by which potassium permanganate works when used to control algae?
• Why is nitrate regulated?
• In the brine regeneration process, which cations are exchanged on the resin by sodium?
• Engineers usually design the height of a filter's backwash collection trough to allow for _____ bed expansion without loss of media into the troughs
• Which material is commonly used as a sacrificial anode to protect iron components from corrosion?
• In 2003, the USEPA revised the drinking water standard for arsenic from which range to which range?
• Under USEPA radionuclide sampling frequency for entry point testing, if results are greater than or equal to one-half the MCL and less than the MCL, sampling frequency is every how many years?
• Which organism was introduced to the United States from Southeast Asia and has become a significant pest in almost every river system?
• Superchlorination is typically used when ______ are excessive
• If hardness leakage is excessive after regeneration, which action is most appropriate?
• Which statement best describes the focus of the discussed rules in relation to drinking water?
• The Langelier Saturation Index is used to assess the tendency of water to precipitate or dissolve calcium carbonate.
• Which condition indicates poor floc formation?
• Where is nitric acid most commonly used within a water treatment facility?
• Excessive algae growth in a presedimentation impoundment is best controlled by:
• Which chemical looks like broken glass crystals?
• Separate refrigerators should be used for the storage of _____ and ______ because the fumes of some chemicals may be harmful to ______.
• For manganese oxidation in surface water, which pH value would be sufficient to make the process effective?
• Which method is listed as another approach for the modified Winkler method?
• Which regulation requires performance goals for filters, data collection, and reporting exceptions for any filter not performing in accordance with the turbidity values stated in the rule?
• Hardness has any unwanted health effects?
• What treatment chemical is corrosive, dense, and an oily liquid and is available in strengths of 62%, 78%, and 93%?
• Which statement about the lime-soda ash process is true?
• Alkalinity definition and units
• The Information Collection Rule is designed to support the development of which types of regulations?
• How often are the maximum daily temperatures determined to establish the optimal fluoride levels for any particular state?
• What does total hardness represent?
• What does the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation provide the EPA?
• A calcium sulfate molecule would be considered a dissolved solid.
• The Information Collection Rule requires large water systems to collect information to build a database to assist in the development of which regulations?
• In calculating the C x T value, the contact time is extended to which point in the system?
• Cyanide affects which body systems?
• In the described extraction method, the analytes are concentrated for injection into which instrument?
• Which unit is commonly used to express viscosity in the Saybolt Universal system?
• What is the primary purpose of routing power through transformers at a water treatment facility?
• Because the gas generated from _______ is pure CO2, the pipes from the diffusers can be _________ than those needed for CO2 generated on site by combustion.
• The flocculation and settling of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide precipitates occur more quickly in the presence of what?
• Which phrase best describes the crystals that resemble broken glass in certain compounds?
• In the Long-Term 2 Rule, the bin scenario represents source water concentrations used to assess what?
• Which alum sludge dewatering method can attain at least 20% solids by weight?
• Alum sludge dewatered in a lagoon for a year may still contain more than ______ of the original water.
• What is the most common disinfection byproduct when chlorine is added to water containing natural and inorganic matter?
• Which statement is true about the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)?
• What is the main purpose of presedimentation following screening?
• What are glassy phosphates?
• Which statement describes how aluminum oxide is activated?
• What is an ion?
• Lamella plates work by
• What is under the state-level aquifer protection standard setting?
• The Surface Water Treatment Rule requires that the turbidity of the water entering the distribution system be equal to or less than ______ in at least ____ of measurements each month.
• Which treatment chemical raises pH?
• Where is arsenic found naturally?
• TOC removal requirements increase as alkalinity decreases. Which of the following best describes this relationship?
• Which water treatment chemicals lower the pH when added to water?
• In nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, membrane compaction rates increase when membranes are operated at which conditions?
• Define divalent.
• Which chemical lowers pH when added to water?
• Small and medium sized utilities are deemed to have optimal corrosion control if they meet lead and copper levels for how many consecutive sampling periods?
• The current travels end-to-end at high speeds; electrons move relatively slow over short distances. Which option correctly reflects this statement?
• Waterborne disease outbreaks have historically been traced to inadequate disinfection of drinking water. Which disease among the following has been linked to this issue?
• Water that is highly colored with organic material requires a _______ pH for coagulation; therefore, ________ before _________ may be necessary.
• The ripening of a filter after it backwashes depends on ________.
• A conical tank in which the softening reactions take place as the water passes upward through the unit is described as what type of reactor?
• What scale prevention chemical can loosen existing deposits and cause red-water complaints?
• The suction side of a pump's piping should be ______ pipe size ______ than the intake side of the pump.
• Which contaminants make up the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL)?
• Which gas(es) does electrolytic flotation use?
• Driven wells are practical only when the water-bearing formations are relatively close to the surface and no contaminants exist in the soil. Which option best reflects this condition?
• To address iron problems when using resin exchange, which pre-treatment step is recommended?
• In groundwater systems that disinfect and have deficiencies, 4-log inactivation of viruses must be demonstrated with adequate C x T.
• What is another name for hydrochloric acid?
• Carbonate hardness relative to total hardness
• Define cation.
• What membrane process will remove hardness?
• Hydraulic fracturing uses pressure to force ______ into existing fractures to open and separate different _____.
• Before installing a new shaft sleeve, it should be heated to _______.
• Slow sand filtration cleaning involves removing how many inches from the top of the filter?
• In mass spectrometry identification, the key signature used is which?
• Which statement correctly describes HOCl versus hypochlorite at low pH and low temperature?
• In the completed test of the multiple-tube fermentation method, a small portion of a coliform colony from the confirmed test that is positive is transferred to a growth medium and inoculated for _______, and a second portion is transferred to _______ and incubated for _______.
• What is alkalinity?
• Why can rapid sand filters handle higher filtration rates compared to slow sand filters?
• Under LT2, which three parameters were added for testing?
• Which filter has an unstratified media distribution?
• Why is ozone treatment often followed by granular activated carbon, which removes assimilated organic carbon caused by the action of the ozone treatment?
• Which regulation protects public health by limiting levels of contamination in drinking water under the Safe Drinking Water Act?
• Which of the following salts is not typically a hardness-causing salt?
• What byproduct is most associated with chlorine dioxide used for disinfection?
• What is the most common radionuclide anion?
• In a dual media filter, it is best to have ____ backwash rates because each type of media has a different ____.
• Why is electrical power entering a water treatment facility usually routed through transformers?
• What is hardness caused by?
• Riparian rights are a common-law doctrine, which body of law are they part of?
• What is the function of bases in a treatment plant?
• How can the problem of poorly formed floc be solved?
• What is a limitation of the ion exchange softening process?
• The optimum pH for the removal of excess fluoride by activated alumina is _____.
• What is the MCL for radon in drinking water?
• Which health indicator may suggest a child has been exposed to high lead levels?
• Using dry ice or liquid CO2 as a diffuser gas results in smaller diffuser pipes.
• If algae or slime growth in sedimentation basins are a problem, drain the basin and apply a solution of ______ per liter of water using a brush to remove the growth.
• When ozone reacts with organic contaminants to form organic acids, what may this eventually contribute to the distribution system?
• For conductivity sampling, which statement is correct?
• Air binding is caused by pressure in the filters ______ than atmospheric pressure, and it can cause ______ flow.
• Reverse osmosis units also have cartridge filters installed immediately ahead of the RO unit to remove suspended matter down to _____.
• When iron corrodes, it converts from which form?
• What material is commonly used to cap greensand filters to improve performance?
• What is the correct order of parts that follows a pump for the listed components?
• Which device would best measure total suspended solids?
• Which softening process would probably not meet the Surface Water Treatment Rule requirements?
• All sedimentation basins should be equipped with which of the following safety features?
• What is an ion?
• PDVF membranes have excellent chemical resistance to which substance, and what is their typical service life?
• An electric current in a wire travels from end to end at _______. However, individual electrons within the wire move ______ and over ________.
• Which statement about carbonate hardness is correct?
• A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer would be used to determine ______ in a sample.
• In groundwater, the total dissolved solids will change ______ and the dissolved oxygen will change _______, with the dissolved oxygen lowest most probably around ________.
• What is the best solution for iron problems when using exchange resins?
• Mineral acids are measured by titration to a pH of 4.3 using which indicator?
• Which statement best describes the focus of the primary drinking water regulations?
• Sodium hypochlorite is usually purchased at 12% to 12.5% and is then distributed down to a more stable percentage of ______.
• Which option is NOT a purpose of polyphosphate addition in softening water?
• Microfiltration membranes made from PDVF have excellent chemical resistance to which substance, and what is their typical service life?
• Scale is formed from the combination of which?
• Which parameter is not part of the Langelier saturation index calculation?
• Which parameter most strongly influences permanganate reactions in water treatment?
• Phenolphthalein acidity is prevalent above which pH value?
• What happens when high chlorine residual levels are applied to the softening units?
• Which compound looks like broken glass crystals?
• Why do some water treatment plants avoid addressing iron, manganese, arsenic, and disinfection byproducts in their treatment operations?
• What is a disadvantage of using chlorine dioxide in water treatment?
• Which agency defines the risk bins used to classify surface water sources under LT2?
• Surface washers should be turned off ____ min before the end of the main backwash.
• What are some uses of synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)?
• Under the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, what Giardia log reduction credit is given for conventional treatment with disinfection credits?
• Which structural feature do buttress dams rely on to transfer the water load?
• What is the best-known solution for excessive algae growth in a presedimentation impoundment?
• To prevent algae growth, which action is most appropriate?
• The flow through a sedimentation basin should not exceed
• Synthetic organic compounds would more likely contain _____ than natural organic compounds
• An organic contaminant from coagulants would most likely include which compound?
• Compared to Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR), what major change was made when Stage 2 DBPR was promulgated?
• A low-cost radioactive scan is first done to determine if the level of radioactivity is high enough to progress to further analyses. The level of radioactivity that would call for further analysis is normally the ______ for ______ or _________ but can be varied by the particular state drinking water agency.
• Which oxidant used for iron and manganese will react with hydrogen sulfide and will not form trihalomethanes?
• The Lead and Copper Rule is different from the other rules in that it deals with ______ to determine compliance.
• What should the operator do for best results in a plant with six flocculators?
• A bacterial slime layer prevents the deposition of ______, and when the slime occasionally gets sloughed away, the slime carries away ______ and leaves the pipe surface bare.
• What compounds are formed when calcium and magnesium are precipitated out of water in the lime softening process?
• Increasing which factors together will decrease corrosion rate?
• The DBPR focuses on which group of contaminants?
• Which term refers to the EPA program that surveys unregulated contaminants in drinking water?
• What is titration?
• How is magnesium noncarbonate hardness removed?
• The specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) is calculated using the absorbance of UV light at 254 nm ______ the concentration of _______
• What is the percentage of copper in copper sulfate (CuSO4)?
• Which pairing of membrane processes is effective for removing hardness from water?
• When temperature increases, the corrosion rate usually ________, and when the water is corrosive and the velocity increases, the corrosion rate ______?
• What are the principal precursors that react with disinfectants to produce disinfection by products?
• Which of the following is the correct alternative name for hydrochloric acid?
• Microfiltration sits between ultrafiltration and multimedia filtration based on pore size. Which option correctly lists those adjacent stages?
• A calcium sulfate molecule would be considered a dissolved solid.
• Which combination describes a low-cost PAC feed method suitable for secondary treatment?
• What pH is needed to form the magnesium hydroxide precipitate?
• Caustic soda is also known as which option?
• Bar or wire-mesh screens typically encounter the largest amount of debris in which season?
• Which chemical is used to raise alkalinity in water treatment?
• Which solvent is used to clean an old bearing?
• Which chemical is primarily responsible for precipitating magnesium hydroxide during lime-softening?
• The dosage of lime and soda ash at a softening plant is based on which of the following alkalinities?
• Which measuring and transmitting level device works readily on a 4-20 mA system but needs a temperature correction?
• Which hazard pair is most associated with handling activated carbon?
• What should be done to a shaft after an old sleeve is removed and before a new sleeve is installed?
• What is the CT value?
• The filtration ripening process is driven by which phenomenon?
• Ammonia is fed at about what percent of the amount of chlorine used?
• In the lauryl tryptose broth test, which observation corresponds to a positive result?
• Excessive up-thrust on line shaft turbines is caused by
• What is the chemical formula corresponding to caustic soda?
• Carbonate alkalinity is caused by which ion?
• After microscreening, there should be a significant reduction in _________.
• This parameter is used to determine if the Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule is in compliance.
• If coliforms are present, the gas they produce will begin to form bubbles in each inverted vial within what period?
• Which pipette type is used for performance monitoring and should be Class A?
• What best describes an operator taking an active role in safety?
• To preserve sediments from presedimentation for analysis, which sampling method is recommended?
• Fluoride injection should be kept away from which type of chemical?
• Chloramines will be used when tastes and odors are a problem, particularly when the source water contains
• The concentration of a disinfectant multiplied by the contact time from application to first customer must be calculated ______.
• Which organization established regulations for new chemical contaminant testing?
• Monomedium filters are best suited for which filtration approach?
• The rationale for dividing public water systems into three groups is the ______ of persons using the water.
• Which particle size range is recommended for tracking by particle counters as a surrogate for Cryptosporidium?
• When dewatering alum sludge using mechanical equipment, pretreatment is typically done with which device and feature?
• What are the primary reasons that more small water systems are installing pressure filters?
• In order to achieve similar disinfection, combined chlorine residual must be greater than free chlorine by how many times under favorable conditions?
• Which feed system reduces handling problems with powdered activated carbon?
• No preliminary contact or sedimentation chambers are necessary for which oxidation process?
• If raw water is pre-chlorinated, what color on the inside walls of filters and the filter media indicates the presence of both iron and manganese?
• Which oven is used to burn solids?
• Caustic soda is also known as
• The iodometric method is a variation of which method for dissolved oxygen determination?
• In a concentration cell corrosion, what gas is produced?
• In the lime-soda ash softening process, coagulants are used to gather which substances into particles that settle readily?
• Which action best reduces siltation in a reservoir?
• In a lead-acid battery, each of the battery cells produces an open circuit voltage of approximately ______
• Groundwater systems at high risk for fecal contamination must provide a 4.0-log inactivation of viruses.
• Microfiltration is considered to be intermediate between _______ based on pore size
• In a corroding pipe, the electrons released at the anode will combine with which species in the pipe at the cathode?
• Which instrument has a fixed light source and provides a qualitative measurement but cannot detect particles that do not scatter light?
• Color in the ______ range is determined by a visual comparison of the sample with either a known colored chemical solution or a calibrated color disk.
• Which substances serve as precursors to disinfection by-products when disinfectants are used?
• If a UV reactor is operating outside of the validation limits by more than _____ of the water treated, it is considered off-specification.
• It is recommended that operators using particle counters track particles in the size range ______ because they are a possible surrogate for _______.
• Backwash bed expansion to prevent media loss is designed to reach what percentage?
• What indicates whether the small amount of fluid in the tip of a pipette that remains after it has drained should be blown out?
• If the pH of a water sample increases, the calcium carbonate level will ________, and as the temperature increases, the solubility of the calcium carbonate ________.
• In the presumptive test, if gas is produced after either the 24-Hour or 48-Hour incubation period, the sample must undergo the confirmed test.
• The final RCTR requires which entity to notify the public if a test exceeds the MCL for E. coli in drinking water?
• Which is a limitation of softening?
• What is a potential concern when ozone is used as a primary disinfectant?
• Circuit breakers, compared to _______, have a much _______. This means that they are capable of interrupting the flow of considerably _____ than could be interrupted by _______.
• After the Long-Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule testing, a system is put into a ________, which are ______ concentrations in the source water for the theoretical potential for contamination.
• Where is the heater located that vaporizes any chlorine liquid that may develop downline from an online one-ton container?
• A special problem with granular activated carbon filters is the rapid growth of which microorganisms?
• Lime precipitation of noncarbonate hardness forms which noncarbonate salts?
• Lamella plates create flow by
• Which process is used in the water industry primarily for the removal of organic substances?
• To ensure adequate contact time before chlorine addition, PAC should have at least ______ minutes.
• To demonstrate 4-log inactivation of viruses, adequate C x T must be provided.
• What is a common disadvantage of using caustic soda to soften hard water?
• The precipitative softening process uses _____ that render _______ calcium and magnesium ______
• What factor explains why the bulk density shipping weight differs from laboratory density?
• Which fires require a Class D fire extinguisher?
• An advantage of using ozone treatment is....
• HPC method, and how long are samples incubated?
• Which regulatory rule explicitly includes monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 by Stage 1 DBPR?
• What should be used to clean an old bearing?
• Which type of process control uses a mode where the output is directly proportional to the deviation from the set point?
• Methyl orange used as an indicator in titrations is ______ on the alkaline side and _______ on the acid side.
• Disinfection byproducts increase as ______ increases, and low pH favors ______ and high pH favors ______.
• In dual-media filtration, if the ratio of anthracite size to sand size is close to 2, what is a likely outcome?
• To provide adequate protection, what should the noise reduction rating (NRR) of the hearing protection device be?
• In lime-soda ash softening, which compound is formed by reaction of lime with carbonate hardness?
• When ozone is used as a primary disinfectant, which byproducts may form that require monitoring?
• What chemical is used for oxidizing iron and manganese that needs a reaction basin?
• Regarding the USEPA sampling frequency for radionuclides in drinking water for individual contaminants at each entry point: If results of testing are below the detection limit of an approval method, what is the frequency of sampling?
• What should you base a safe stopping distance behind the vehicle in front of you on?
• Stage 2 DBPR includes a provision to reduce or eliminate the use of chlorine disinfectants at the beginning of the treatment process if TOC exceeds 2.0 mg/L.
• Which option lists the correct formula for caustic soda?
• When can wearing gloves be a hazard?
• What is the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water?
• The optimum fluoride level in drinking water, as recommended by the Department of Health and Human Services and the USEPA, is what?
• The cleaning of microfiltration membranes helps maintain a stable ______ while keeping recovery at or above _______.
• If a water system exceeds the action level for lead and copper, which parameter must be measured in the laboratory?
• If too much aeration occurs after clarification and filtration, which process will most probably suffer?
• Nitrite interferes with which chlorine residual measurement method?
• A specific-ion meter resembles a _______ except for the addition of a ______ and a provision for a selective-ion electrode.
• In the chemical precipitation process, the hardness causing ions are converted from [blank] forms. Calcium and magnesium become [blank] as the pH increases.
• Which results are used to develop the Langelier saturation index?
• What type of automation control would work best if the chlorine demand varies but the flow is constant?
• In an electrolyte solution, a cation is attracted to which electrode?
• What is CaCO3 known as?
• In the EC-MUG test, if the tube _______, it is positive for E. Coli.
• If a water system exceeds the 90th percentile of either the lead or copper action levels, it must also assess _______.
• When using calcium hypochlorite, calcium carbonate scaling can occur on the suction and discharge sides of the pump. What is the best solution?
• A filter core sample is best collected for solids retention analysis when
• Under current regulations, what type of samples must be collected from the source water supply?
• What will most likely exhaust GAC first?
• Garnet sand is used at the bottom medium in multimedia filters because it is finer and greater density compared to the other sand in the filter. Which option best describes this characteristic?
• Chlorine dioxide is how many times more powerful than chlorine?
• Under LT2, UV disinfection is specified to provide at least a log removal/inactivation for which organism?
• Which statement best describes manganese dioxide (MnO2) in soils?
• Which statement is true about the Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) unit?
• In open filters, which media arrangement provides superior removal of organics?
• Molecular weight is expressed in which units?
• Which option shows the correct pairing for caustic soda?
• Which of the following defines carbonate alkalinity?
• Which two items are specifically targeted by LT1ESWTR turbidity performance standards?
• Which type of aerators have riffle plates?
• Which statement best describes the factors that influence cleaning protocols for microfiltration membranes?
• In an electrolyte solution, an anion is attracted to which electrode?
• Without pretreatment, which membrane processes must be used to remove dissolved organic matter?
• Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule uses sampling sites based on what evaluation approach?
• Which chemical is used to remove noncarbonate hardness in chemical precipitation softening?
• A hazardous measuring device would most likely be _______
• An organic compound from components of pipe coatings and joint adhesives would most likely include which class of compounds?
• How often must an ozone-using system monitor bromate at the distribution system entry point?
• The chlorine-measuring method that uses a gas-permeable membrane is the polarographic method.
• The precipitative softening process uses which mechanism to render calcium and magnesium insoluble?
• Which compound is commonly used to prevent encrustation by sequestering metal ions?
• Why are primary standards or MCLs enforceable by law?
• What is the Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule maximum contaminant level for chlorite?
• What corrosion prevention chemical may be the best overall treatment approach?
• What membrane process will remove dissolved solids?
• Which list identifies contaminants not regulated by current standards and monitored for potential future regulation?
• The abbreviation LT2 stands for which designation?
• ________ is often added to provide _______ and facilitate iron precipitation
• Under LT2, surface water sources are classified into how many USEPA-defined risk levels called bins?
• What is the most common unit of hardness?
• What is the typical backwash rate for resin beds?
• Which chemical is used to regenerate manganese greensand beds?
• A low-cost method of feeding PAC is to use a _____ where precise feed in ____
• Before reinstalling a shaft sleeve or impeller, which cleaners should be used?
• Ammonia is a dangerous gas and is readily detectable at concentrations of ______.
• Which unit correctly identifies the unit expressing electrical potential?
• Which pair of colors is not assigned numerical color units?
• What is the primary purpose of pressure aerators in water treatment?
• Which statement correctly pairs acidity types with pH ranges?
• What was the primary concern for why the Final Groundwater Rule was promulgated?
• Which year range best represents a long-range planning horizon for a water system's source of supply?
• Lime-soda ash softening can reduce water hardness to approximately which range?
• What is the typical service life range for PDVF membranes in oxidants?
• What is caustic alkalinity?
• Chelation is a chemical treatment process used in water treatment to control what?
• A gravity dam resists both ______.
• Which combination is used to coat sedimentation basin walls to rid the basin of slime growth?
• Unlike reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, the recovery of the microfiltration process is not limited by the formation of _____ or the precipitation of _____.
• If any stains or chemical residues remain after normal cleaning of labware, the glassware should be washed with a cleaning solution such as acid-dichromate.
• Which skin condition provides more resistance to electrical current flow?
• One benefit of softening water
• Electrolytic flotation uses which gas mixture as a byproduct?
• Caustic hypochlorite used in disinfection ranges in available chlorine from which percentage?
• What NSF/ANSI Standard covers coatings, construction materials, and components?
• What is the filter bed used for in the softening process?
• In water treatment, chelation is applied primarily to prevent which condition?
• At pH levels associated with softening chemical precipitation, which component in the treated water may increase?
• For nomographic determination of CO2 in water, which additional properties must be known?
• If TOC removal percentages cannot be met, a utility can comply with the EPA rule by removing at least ______ of _______, as CaCO3, measured monthly and calculated quarterly as an annual running average.
• What is the major reason that turbidity is undesirable?
• Which chemical is used as a corrosion inhibitor in water treatment?
• How does cyanide affect the human body?
• If a routine or repeat sample tests positive for total coliforms, it must also be analyzed for _______.
• Mass spectrometry identifies organic compounds by which characteristics?
• Airline supplied air is not commonly used for emergency response because they are limited to only _______ ft.
• Define anion.
• Which of the following correctly reflects the health concern associated with turbidity as described in the material?
• In the multiple-tube fermentation method, as presumptive positives are inoculated into Brilliant Green Broth (BGB), 0.1 mL of the presumptive broth is also transferred into which medium?
• An organic compound from components of pipe, coatings, and joint adhesives would most likely include...
• Point-of-use activated carbon filters are most effective for removing _________.
• In SUVA calculation, which pairing is correct?
• Chlorinating before a microstrainer may cause a sticky, jelly-like coating to form on the microstrainer. What is present in the water that causes this problem?
• Cryptosporidium and Giardia typically range in size from which of the following?
• Diatomaceous earth filtration maximum turbidity value?
• Point-of-use activated carbon filters are most effective for removing which of the following?
• What does the optimal pH establish when applying oxidation to iron and manganese?
• How is aluminum oxide activated?
• The solubility of calcium carbonate in water decreases as temperature increases.
• Which two hardness-forming cations are most commonly present in significant concentrations?
• The Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule also calls for continuous monitoring at the entry point to the distribution system with a minimum of ______ of chlorine residual.
• The chlorine-measuring method that uses a chlorine gas-permeable membrane is the polarographic method.
• When analyzing samples for haloacetic acids 5 (HAA5), what is added to the sample container to quench more HAA5 formation?
• A coagulant aid primary benefit is to reduce the amount of coagulant used.
• In HPC testing, where are the diluted water samples placed and how long are they incubated?
• When chlorine dioxide is generated on site, a small amount of which species can be formed?
• Which term describes a water's buffering capacity?
• In the wellhead protection program, which technical step is essential?
• What does valence refer to in chemistry?
• Lime slakers should be equipped with a _______ that will stop the lime feed before _______.
• The rate of formation of _____ increases with increasing pH
• What is used to coat the walls of sedimentation basins to rid the basin of slime growth?
• Which colors are not assigned numerical color units?
• What can greatly reduce fire hazards?
• Before installing casing wear rings, what preparation step is recommended?
• What membrane configurations are currently available and used in drinking water treatment plants?
• What process is currently used for softening brackish water?
• Which statement about pumps is false?
• Destratification is most effective when the lake has a stable layer of warm surface water over cooler bottom water.
• The excess lime-softening process is used so that which compound will precipitate out of the water?
• If a water system exceeds the action level for lead and copper, it must measure other contaminants as well. What parameter must be measured in the field?
• Soft water is defined as CaCO3 equivalents below what value?
• The slime layer prevents deposition of calcium carbonate. When the slime sloughs away, it carries away which substance and leaves the pipe surface bare?
• What is the new MCL for uranium established by the final Radionuclides Rule?
• Diatomaceous earth filtration is used for raw water that has a maximum turbidity of ____.
• In the Long-Term 2 Rule, which pairing correctly matches 'pack' to the concentration concept?